Does not count towards the biology major or minor. 1550% of zooplankton biomass is estimated to migrate, accounting for the transport of 545% of particulate organic nitrogen to depth. Prerequisites: (BY210 [Min Grade: C] or BY211 [Min Grade: C]) and CH237 [Min Grade: C] and (CH238 [Min Grade: C] or CH 239 [Min Grade: C]). Prerequisites: BY255 [Min Grade: D] or BY256 [Min Grade: D]. Biogeography continues as a point of study for many life sciences and geography students worldwide, however it may be under different broader titles within institutions such as ecology or evolutionary biology. [19], In 1958 paleontologist Paul S. Martin published A Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gmez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico, which has been described as "ground-breaking"[20]:35 p. and "a classic treatise in historical biogeography". + t Cambridge University Press, pp. Note: BY123 and BY124 may also satisfy the Core Curriculum Area III: Natural Sciences requirement; check the Core Curriculum for your particular major. Prerequisites: BY124 [Min Grade: C] and CH235 [Min Grade: C]. b Americans born in the 21st century can expect to live 100 years or more. Generally, the volume must be inferred from bathymetric data by integration.Lake volumes can also change dramatically over time and during the year, especially for salt lakes in arid climates. Intended for Biology majors. Prerequisites: BIOL355, BIOL401, and BIOL402GW; CHEM340 or CHEM349. International Code of Area Nomenclature. They can then apply their understanding to similar but more complex mainland habitats. Select 6 hours from 200-level or higher Biology (BY) courses. during photosynthesis to make carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline that encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment. Liquid water has been present on 1-in-100 flood a flood with 1 in 100 chance of occurring in any given year (used as a safety requirement for the construction industry. alum, aluminium sulfate,[95]) minerals, natural clays and local soils, industrial waste products, modified clays (e.g. Research project under supervision of faculty sponsor. WebStudents are challenged to think outside the boundaries of traditional disciplinary programs to address environmental and sustainability challenges with regional, national, and international significance. Hypoxic zones are commonly found in deep water lakes in the summer season due to stratification into the cold oxygen-poor hypolimnion and the warm oxygen-rich epilimnion. WebEcological Applications 17: 1105-1115. We will discuss experimental design, the use of appropriate controls, and the interpretations of the results obtained. MESC491. In coastal waters, nitrogen is commonly the key limiting nutrient of marine waters (unlike the freshwater systems where phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient). 0 Hours. BIOL613GW Human Physiology Laboratory - GWAR (Units: 3). BIOL652 Science Education Partners in Biology (Units: 4). Preparation for advanced courses in biology. This course will provide an introduction to undergraduate research students joining the UAB Department of Biology. Specifically, students will be involved in patient recruitment for the study, determine patient eligibility, reading information about the studies to patients, and collecting data regarding patient history. BY485. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic 4 Hours. Volume 1. The course incorporates historical and current case load relevancy and case study analysis. The algae engage in photosynthesis which supplies oxygen to the fish and biota which inhabit these waters. [4], Following the period of exploration came the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, which attempted to explain the patterns of biodiversity observed by Buffon and Linnaeus. Prerequisite: Graduate standing; or upper-division standing with permission of the instructor; a college-level computer science course. 1-4 Hour. (2019) "The importance of Antarctic krill in biogeochemical cycles". Smaller prey are ingested whole, whereas larger prey may be fed on more sloppily, that is more biomatter is released through inefficient consumption. Of these three, chlorophyll will probably yield the most accurate measures, as it is the most accurate predictor of biomass. This course will feature basic and introductory concepts in omics, sequencing technologies, applications in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, particularly human genome. BY433. [2] Eutrophication can affect freshwater or salt water systems. Also, through the efficient, controlled use of land using sustainable agricultural practices to minimize land degradation, the amount of soil runoff and nitrogen-based fertilizers reaching a watershed can be reduced. Students that enroll in this class as their capstone experience are expected to do writing and ethics assignments to fulfill their capstone requirement. [116][117][113], Zooplankton feed in the euphotic zone and export nutrients via sinking fecal pellets, and vertical migration. Prerequisites: BIOL401 and BIOL402GW with grades of C- or better; or permission of the instructor. This is opposed to biomagnification and is due to a decreased concentration from increased algal uptake. Despite the diversity in anatomy seen between groups, improved foraging efficiency has been the main driver in their evolution. Specific attention in the course will be paid to a survey of the various groups of plants, fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates. Islands are very diverse in their biomes, ranging from the tropical to arctic climates. All of the courses listed below are approved for the major; consult your advisor for a list of additional courses. The temperature difference may be large enough to hamper mixing with the littoral zone in Simon, M., Grossart, H., Schweitzer, B. and Ploug, H. (2002) "Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems". Assumes student has had one year of high school Chemistry with a grade of C or better. Prerequisites: BY124 [Min Grade: C]. Course is taught at Dauphin Island Sea Lab. ", "International Census of Marine Microbes (ICoMM)", "The role of temperature, cellular quota and nutrient concentrations for photosynthesis, growth and lightdark acclimation in phytoplankton", "Interactive Effects of Ocean Acidification and Nitrogen-Limitation on the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum", "Understanding the causes and consequences of past marine carbon cycling variability through models", "Toward quantifying the response of the oceans' biological pump to climate change", "Shedding light on processes that control particle export and flux attenuation in the twilight zone of the open ocean", "Microbial control of the dark end of the biological pump", "Oceanic acidification affects marine carbon pump and triggers extended marine oxygen holes", "Factors influencing the sinking of POC and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump", "Species-specific house productivity of appendicularians", "Degradation of discarded appendicularian houses by oncaeid copepods", "Evolutionary potential of marine phytoplankton under ocean acidification", "Si and C interactions in the world ocean: Importance of ecological processes and implications for the role of diatoms in the biological pump", "Diatom sinkings speeds: Improved predictions and insight from a modified Stokes' law", "Effects of diet on release of dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients by the copepod, "Fate of organic carbon released from decomposing copepod fecal pellets in relation to bacterial production and ectoenzymatic activity", "Sloppy feeding in marine copepods: Prey-size-dependent production of dissolved organic carbon", "Production of dissolved organic carbon by sloppy feeding in the copepods Acartia tonsa, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis", "Carbon-nitrogen coupling and algal-bacterial interactions during an experimental bloom: Modeling a13C tracer experiment", "Long-term stability of marine dissolved organic carbon emerges from a neutral network of compounds and microbes", "Viruses and nutrient cycles in the sea: viruses play critical roles in the structure and function of aquatic food webs", "Re-examination of the relationship between marine virus and microbial cell abundances", "Sinking of Gelatinous Zooplankton Biomass Increases Deep Carbon Transfer Efficiency Globally", "Jelly-falls historic and recent observations: a review to drive future research directions", "Towards a transformative understanding of the ocean's biological pump: Priorities for future research-Report on the NSF Biology of the Biological Pump Workshop", "A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish? [18] While this form of carbon is not directly taken from the atmospheric budget, it is formed from dissolved forms of carbonate which are in equilibrium with CO2 and then responsible for removing this carbon via sequestration. Accessed February 24, 2014. WebStudents join the Environment-ECUIPP Lab to research pressing environmental health issues with local communities. 0 Hours. In these surface waters, phytoplankton use carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and other trace elements (barium, iron, zinc, etc.) Coastal waters embrace a wide range of marine habitats from enclosed estuaries to the open waters of the continental shelf. Undergraduate Research. coccolithophores and foraminifera) combine calcium (Ca) and dissolved carbonates (carbonic acid and bicarbonate) to form a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) protective coating. 0-4 Hours. The central theme of this course is the role of hormone chemical messengers in the regulation of physiological processes. Hypereutrophic lakes have a visibility depth of less than 3 feet (90cm), they have greater than 40 micrograms/litre total chlorophyll and greater than 100 micrograms/litre phosphorus. These transformations form a crucial link within ecosystems as they are responsible for liberating the energy stored in organic molecules and recycling matter within the system to be reused as nutrients by other organisms. [77][78][79] Additionally, studies have demonstrated seaweed's potential to improve nitrogen levels.[80]. BIOL430 Medical Microbiology (Units: 3). Prerequisites for BIOL 315: Restricted to upper-division standing; BIOL 240* and BIOL 458* with grades of C or better; GPA of 3.0 or better; or permission of the instructor.. An introduction to sampling and experimental BY245. BY115L. The biological pump, also known as the marine carbon pump, is, in its simplest form, the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere and land runoff to the ocean interior and seafloor sediments. 0 Hours. conditions. Quantitative Literacy and Writing are significant components of this course. and Where. Leaching of fecal pellets can extend from hours to days after initial egestion and its effects can vary depending on food concentration and quality. Schindler, David and Vallentyne, John R. (2004). Health problems can occur where eutrophic conditions interfere with drinking water treatment. 0 Hours. The eutrophication of areas outside its natural range partially explain the fish's success in colonizing these areas after being introduced. Human Population and the Earth's Environment. ; 5Rs - (sustainability) Vertebrate Zoology Lab required with BY256 lecture. Why does it happen 5 times as fast in a dog? off the Canadian Arctic and Atlantic Coasts: impact on species' abundances", "Persistent shift of Calanus spp. Oxygen is required by all aerobically respiring plants and animals and it is replenished in daylight by photosynthesizing plants and algae. An important component of EPA's mission is to protect and improve air, water, and overall environmental quality in order to avoid or mitigate the consequences of harmful effects. The depleted oxygen levels in turn may lead to fish kills and a range of other effects reducing biodiversity. United States Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/aquatic/carlson.html, "Anthropogenic and climatic factors enhancing hypolimnetic anoxia in a temperate mountain lake", "Effects of climate change on thermal properties of lakes and reservoirs, and possible implications", https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/dissolved-oxygen, "Influence of episodic wind events on thermal stratification and bottom water hypoxia in a Great Lakes estuary", Latitudinal gradients in species diversity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trophic_state_index&oldid=1114358283, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 October 2022, at 03:10. Non-native species can have various effects on the local Junior or senior standing, minimum GPA of 3.5, completed application and acceptance into the internship program required. Mysticeti (baleen whales) . By translating the Secchi transparency values to a log base 2 scale, each successive doubling of biomass is represented as a whole integer index number. Functional Genomics and Systems Biology. The mass can be expressed as the average [68] This happens in part due to the fact that organisms must typically ingest nutrients smaller than they are, often by orders of magnitude. Los eclogos clasifican a los seres vivos de manera muy general en una MESC208. Aging: From Cells to Society. [10] Key findings, such as the sharp difference in fauna either side of the Wallace Line, and the sharp difference that existed between North and South America prior to their relatively recent faunal interchange, can only be understood in this light. [27] In this way, the carbonate pump could be termed the carbonate counter pump. [111] These events are common in protected areas with high levels of primary production and water quality suitable to support cnidarian species. A policy regulating agricultural use of fertilizer and animal waste must be imposed. Transfer students should be aware of the Department of Biology's policy regarding transfer credit. Intended for Biology majors. BIOL881 Seminar: Cell and Molecular Biology (Unit: 1), BIOL883 Seminar: Marine Biology (Units: 2), BIOL890 Cooperative Internship (Units: 2-3), BIOL891 Biomedical Research Design (Units: 2). The particles that escape these processes entirely are sequestered in the sediment and may remain there for millions of years. BIOL550 Plant and Animal Interactions (Units: 4). Although the term "trophic index" is commonly applied to lakes, any surface water body may be indexed. These broadly applicable techniques will be reiterated in the second part of the course with a special emphasis on the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Prerequisites: BIOL230, BIOL240, and BIOL355. Course is taught at Dauphin Island Sea Lab. Specimens were captured monthly from Amacuzac, River, Morelos, Mexico. As krill and smaller zooplankton feed, they also physically fragment particles into small, slower- or non-sinking pieces (via sloppy feeding, coprorhexy if fragmenting faeces),[33] retarding POC export. Topics include structure of endocrine cells and glands, hormone synthesis and chemistry, physiological effects of hormones, and mechanisms of hormone action. Biochemistry.pdf - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. ; 5Rs - (sustainability) reduce, Other marine animals can be vectors for such toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically a predator fish that accumulates the toxin and then poisons humans. [103] Viruses can easily infect microorganisms in the microbial loop due to their relative abundance compared to microbes. 4 Hours. Prerequisites: BY124 [Min Grade: D]. & M.A. Strong emphasis will be placed on determining solution to the variety of environmental problems facing the earth. This is allowed for a few different reasons: a The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. ) Studies have shown that it is larger sinking particles that transport matter down to the sea floor[67] while suspended particles and dissolved organics are mostly consumed by remineralisation. 4 Hours. [4] They also built an underground sewer system as early as the 7th century B.C.E. Principles and mechanisms of inheritance; structure, action, and regulation of genes; molecular genetic technology and application to human health and agriculture. Prerequisites: BIOL230, BIOL240, CHEM215, and CHEM216; an ecology course is recommended. ; 5Rs - (sustainability) reduce, The profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration.This is typically below the thermocline, the vertical zone in the water through which temperature drops rapidly. BY109. Biology majors; BIOL401, BIOL402GW with a grade of C- or better, and BIOL430 (may be taken concurrently); permission of the instructor. Prerequisites: BIOL230, BIOL240, CHEM130, and PHYS121. Lecture and laboratory. [37] Although primary production includes both dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC respectively), only POC leads to efficient carbon export to the ocean interior, whereas the DOC fraction in surface waters is mostly recycled by bacteria. BY442. They implement environmental engineering law, as in assessing the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. [81] Filter feeding activity is considered beneficial to water quality[82] by controlling phytoplankton density and sequestering nutrients, which can be removed from the system through shellfish harvest, buried in the sediments, or lost through denitrification. This autotrophically produced biomass presents the foundation of the marine food web. This decomposition process consumes oxygen, which reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen. [2] The trophic state is defined as the total weight of biomass in a given water body at the time of measurement. WebDefinition. BIOL701 Strategies for Successful PhD Applications in STEM (Units: 2). Increased competition for the added nutrients can cause potential disruption to entire ecosystems and food webs, as well as a loss of habitat, and biodiversity of species. Integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural environment for life, Environmental impact assessment and mitigation, UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972), Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, Association of Environmental Professionals, Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies, Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, "Careers in Environmental Engineering and Environmental Science", "Architecture and Engineering Occupations", "Environmental engineering in mining engineering education", "10 Advancements in Environmental Engineering", "Become Board Certified in Environmental Engineering", "NCEES PE Environmental exam information", "environ | Search Online Etymology Dictionary", "Environmental Engineering: Why It's Vital for Our Future", Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, High efficiency glandless circulating pump, Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association, Associated General Contractors of America, Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors, Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors, Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering, Civil Engineering Contractors Association, Construction Management Association of America, National Association of Women in Construction, National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_engineering&oldid=1111571031, Articles needing additional references from October 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, Module:Interwiki extra: additional interwiki links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. and improve environmental-related enhancement of the quality of human life. Prerequisites: Graduate standing; a Biochemistry course and a Microbiology course with laboratories; or permission of the instructor. an objective classifier of a lake or other water body's trophic status. 3 Hours. Biology Capstone - Evolution. BY112. [86] See nutrient pollution for an extended explanation of nutrient remediation using shellfish. For example, sewage treatment plants can be upgraded for biological nutrient removal so that they discharge much less nitrogen and phosphorus to the receiving water body. Physical factors such as oxygen availability, pH, and light conditions may affect overall oxygen consumption and how much carbon is loss from zooplankton in the form of respired CO2. Transfer students should be aware of the Department of Biology's policy regarding transfer credit. Intended for Biology majors. Prerequisites: BY255 [Min Grade: C] or BY256 [Min Grade: C] or BY 260 [Min Grade: C] or BY271 [Min Grade: C], Study of chemical interactions between organisms or between organisms and their enviroment. lanthanum modified bentonite) and others. Discussions cover (but are not limited to) the history of life, mechanisms of evolutionary change, sexual selection, adaptation, speciation, and molecular evolution. The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) is considered to be the birth of the modern environmental movement,[19] which led to the modern field of "environmental engineering.". Living Biology at UAB and Beyond - Seminar. Prerequisites: BIOL401, BIOL402GW, and BIOL355; permission of the instructor. Major portion of course taught at tropical field station in Costa Rica. A minimum of nine semester hours in the major must be taken at UAB. Does not count towards the biology major or minor. [3] Cultural eutrophication can occur in fresh water and salt water bodies, shallow waters being the most susceptible. Recommend course is taken before junior year. Water is treated to achieve water quality objectives for the end uses. 18 hours of biology with minimum GPA of 3.5 in biology classes and admission to Honors Research Program required. Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. NOTE: Only general elective credit for biology major or minor. NEPA is applicable to all federal agencies in the United States.[24]. 4 Hours. Lecture and laboratory. Biochemistry & M.S. [6] [7] Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. [134], Climate change may affect the biological pump in the future by warming and stratifying the surface ocean. Climatic Change 95: 469-483. Technological evolving and advances have allowed for generating a whole suit of predictor variables for biogeographic analysis, including satellite imaging and processing of the Earth. [24], When macrophytes and algae die in over-productive eutrophic lakes, rivers and streams, they decompose and the nutrients contained in that organic matter are converted into inorganic form by microorganisms. BIOL504 Biology of the Fungi (Units: 4), BIOL505 Comparative Anatomy of Vascular Plants (Units: 4), BIOL508 Plants and Human Affairs (Units: 3), BIOL514 Plant Biodiversity and California Field Botany (Units: 5). 12 semester hours in biology required. [5] In the absence of oxygen from the epilimnion, decomposition can cause hypoxia in the hypolimnion.[9]. [21] The problem became more apparent following the introduction of chemical fertilizers in agriculture (green revolution of the mid-1900s). + This means small fecal pellets make only minor contributions to fecal pellet fluxes in the meso- and bathypelagic, particularly in terms of carbon. Introduction to aquatic animal diseases, specifically for fish and shellfish. Laws regulating the discharge and treatment of sewage have led to dramatic nutrient reductions to surrounding ecosystems. See current class schedule for topic. Safe farming practices is the number one way to fix the problem. Students join the Environment-ECUIPP Lab to research pressing environmental health issues with local communities. [113], Marine mammals provide important ecosystem services. MESC106. Larger zooplankton - such as copepods - egest fecal pellets which can be reingested and sink or collect with other organic detritus into larger, more-rapidly-sinking aggregates. [15] Islands are also ideal locations because they allow scientists to look at habitats that new invasive species have only recently colonized and can observe how they disperse throughout the island and change it. Prerequisites: GE Area A2; BIOL230 and BIOL240; or permission of the instructor. That is what some prominent aging researchers believe. This course will cover state-of-the-art high throughput established and novel approaches used in genome sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to obtain, integrate and analyze complex data. Prerequisites: BY116 [Min Grade: C](Can be taken Concurrently). What goes wrong inside our body as we grow older? Inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide are fixed during photosynthesis by phytoplankton, which both release dissolved organic matter (DOM) and are consumed by herbivorous zooplankton. This course meets the Core Curriculum requirements for Area III: Natural Sciences. Knowledge of spatial variation in the numbers and types of organisms is as vital to us today as it was to our early human ancestors, as we adapt to heterogeneous but geographically predictable environments. Although the term "trophic index" is commonly applied to lakes, any surface water body may be indexed. This means that dissolved organic carbon is not available directly to most marine organisms; marine bacteria introduce this organic carbon into the food web, resulting in additional energy becoming available to higher trophic levels. The total active pool of carbon at the Earth's surface for durations of less than 10,000 years is roughly 40,000 gigatons C (Gt C, a gigaton is one billion tons, or the weight of approximately 6 million blue whales), and about 95% (~38,000 Gt C) is stored in the ocean, mostly as dissolved inorganic carbon. [41] Thus a self-sustaining biological process can take place to generate primary food source for the phytoplankton and zooplankton depending on the availability of adequate dissolved oxygen in the water body. Prerequisite: One college-level physics course or permission of the instructor. BIOL677 Introduction to Optical Engineering for the Biological Sciences (Units: 3). Have completed 18 semester hours in biology courses. BIOL101 Human Biology Laboratory (Unit: 1). 4 Hours. Remote Sensing Data and Information. Prerequisite: BIOL212* (may be taken concurrently). In: Harmful algal bloom Causes or contributing factors of coastal HABs, Estuary Implications of eutrophication on estuaries, Nutrient pollution Mitigation of nutrient pollutant discharges, "Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems", "Eutrophication: A new wine in an old bottle? Prerequisites: MATH226; BIOL230 or CHEM215 with a grade of C or better; or permission of the instructor. LivBio has two primary goals: 1) introduce students to the people, projects, and opportunities in the Biology Department at UAB, 2) foster and cultivate student STEM identities and interests to help them succeed in Biology at UAB (and beyond). 0 Hours. [7] Anthropogenic or "cultural eutrophication" is often a much more rapid process in which nutrients are added to a water body from a wide variety of polluting inputs including untreated or partially treated sewage, industrial wastewater and fertilizer from farming practices. Advanced Molecular Genetics. As such, participants should bring appropriate gear and be prepared to actively and cheerfully participate. degrees in biology as well as a minor in biology: A student must have at least a 2.0 average in all biology courses attempted and a 2.0 average in all biology courses taken at UAB. Course is taught at Dauphin Island Sea Lab. These cliffs are made almost entirely of the plates of buried coccolithophores.[21]. Genetics for BME - Laboratory is required with BY212 lecture. [a] Consequently, trophic index may sometimes be used to make a rough estimate of biological condition of water bodies. [19], While this process does manage to fix a large amount of carbon, two units of alkalinity are sequestered for every unit of sequestered carbon. ( [8], Once this carbon is fixed into soft or hard tissue, the organisms either stay in the euphotic zone to be recycled as part of the regenerative nutrient cycle or once they die, continue to the second phase of the biological pump and begin to sink to the ocean floor. However, because they occur as a result of poorly constrained ecological interactions usually at depth, the processes that form the biological pump are difficult to measure. [113][114] For example, whales and seals may be responsible for replenishing more nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine's euphotic zone than the input of all rivers combined. An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally.
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