Cross-cultural psychologists work to rectify many of the biases that may exist in the current research6 and determine if the phenomena that appear in European and North American cultures also appear in other parts of the world. For example, a study might be criticized for having an ethnocentric bias. While many aspects of human thought and behavior are universal, cultural differences can lead to often surprising differences in how people think, feel, and act. And it's important. Cross-cultural studies are research designs that compare human behaviors across two or more cultures. culture can influence how one thinks about happiness. It seems to be. Since the 1960s, a number of textbooks, handbooks, and readers have been published that seek to provide an overall portrayal of culture-behavior relationships using the comparative method. Cultural psychology can be defined as the study of a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people that are normally passed down from one generation to the next ( Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cross-cultural research can help researchers avoid cultural bias in psychology. Moving on, we will cover the types of cross-cultural research used in psychology. The study found that there may be cross-cultural variability between the two countries regarding milder autistic characteristics. In many ways,WEIRD populations seem to be less representative of humans in general than non-WEIRD populations are. What is cross-cultural research psychology? [1] Through expanding research methodologies to recognize cultural variance in behavior, language, and meaning it seeks to extend and develop psychology. Accordingly, we review some of the most relevant methodological issues involved in cross-cultural/national research . cultural patterns related to how closely people adhere to social rules. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. In cross-cultural psychology, an analytic cognitive style roughly describes a tendency to focus on a salient object, person, or piece of information (as in an image or a story) independently from the context in which it appears. Choose the appropriate cross-cultural design that will be used. If similar results are found across cultures, then it can be assumed that the measures are: Indigenous cultural studies are the study of minority ethnic groups who live in their native location. Values are socially shared conceptions of what is good, right, and desirable. While many aspects of human thought and behavior are universal, cultural differences can lead to often surprising differences in how people think, feel, and act. could lead to gains in mental health treatment. For example, while people of all cultures experience happiness, how this feeling is expressed varies from one culture to the next. Understanding how culture shapes behavior can provide us with insight. this perspective is particularly useful if one wants to identify areas of interest in cross-cultural psychology; social behavior is the most frequently examined behavioral domain in cross-cultural psychology. Analytic thinking and holistic thinking have been theorized to stem, respectively, from independent and interdependent cultural tendencies. The problems with cross-cultural research include that cross-cultural research is sensitive. Identify the research area that will be investigated and form a hypothesis. Some important areas of study include: Cross-cultural psychology seeks to understand how culture influences many different aspects of human thought and behavior. This explanation will cover what cross-cultural research is and how it relates to society. Smith and Bond (1988) highlighted issues using similar methodologies across cultures. from those with other cultural backgroundsand how those differences tie back to cultural influence. For example, a child psychologist might study how child-rearing practices in different cultures impact development. These individuals tend to have their rituals, traditions and language, and research has also found developmental differences. Every culture has specific traits attached to it that is intrinsic in every member of it. Therefore, when assessing mental health, there may be differences. Culture refers to many characteristics of a group of people, including attitudes, behaviors, customs, and values that are transmitted from one generation to the next. The study recruited participants from various ethnic backgrounds. The psychological findings that get the most attention are disproportionately derived from a fraction of the worlds population. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Typical behaviours within a collective society usually conform to societal rules and have social harmony, so they are less likely to be openly aggressive towards others. Many Ukrainian families remained in the war zone to take care of their pets, and fewer than 10% who fled Kyiv left their dogs and cats behind. 2012;15(2):171-176. doi:10.1037/a0027271. Second, cultural psychology has strong links to cultural anthropology (particularly in the field of culture and personality) and has focused mainly on social behavior and cognition. Around the World, Who Spends Time on Their Looks and Why? As some cross-cultural research methodologies rely on secondary data (findings from previously published studies), the validity and findings from these studies can affect cross-cultural research results. The last step is to complete the analysis and report the results. David Ropeik on October 3, 2022 in How Risky Is It, Really? Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Childre Bayesian Statistical Methods in Psychology. Chapter 2 Notes TYPES OF CROSS-CULTURAL RSEARCH. It is widely argued that mental health varies between countries; is this problematic for cross-cultural research? Psychedelic plant medicines like ayahuasca can foster wellness and healing in people of color coping with the pain of racism. For instance, tools may not be readily available in other countries, or there may be language barriers. Most research in cross-cultural psychology has focused on the individual and nation . A study compared the prevalence of mental health in many countries. Meanwhile, some cross-cultural psychologists also study something known as ethnocentrism. The research can take the form of cross-cultural research if the results of indigenous populations are compared to people from other countries. What are the problems with cross-cultural research? Cross-cultural psychology can help teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create multicultural education lessons and materials learn more about how cultural differences affect student learning, achievement,and motivation. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The acknowledgement that most research in psychology and other adjacent fields is overwhelmingly based on so-called WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations [] has given way to intensified research funding, publication and visibility of collaborative cross-cultural studies across the social sciences that expand the geographical range of study . Psychologists are also concerned with how ethnocentrism can influence the research process. While there is not a single agreed-upon list of WEIRD culturesand populations within particular countries can show different levels of these characteristicscommonly cited examples of WEIRD countries include the U.S., Canada, the U.K. and other parts of Western Europe, and Australia. Cross-cultural research is typically carried out in psychology to identify if a finding based on testing in one culture applies to another. It accepts the possibility that psychological universals are present in all populations, while cultural factors shape the differential development and expressions of behavior based on these common underlying processes. The search for an understanding of what culture is has meant undertaking research with an eye for comparing ethnographic data generated in different societies. A cross-cultural comparison methodology will be used if the researcher aims to compare results across cultures. Only investigated mother-infant attachments. A holistic cognitive style, in contrast, involves a tendency to focus more on the broader context and relationship between objects. A lot of the older studies tended to focus on white adult men from western culture. Psychologys mission to understand how humans think and behave requires studying humanity as broadly as possiblenot just the humans to which researchers tend to be nearest. It entails both the variance and invariance of these attributes across different cultural settings. 2022 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. [2] The two cultures may have contrasting opinions of what dysfunctional behaviour is. Other cultures may place a higher value on collectivism and cooperation among members of the group. The different types of cross-cultural research are: What type of cross-cultural research be used to assess differences between native minorities and the general population? It can be helpful to remember what cultural bias is. What is most important to keep in mind is that cultures change over time, so most cross-cultural comparisons need to focus on particular time frames (and sometimes particular place foci) for each culture. Please subscribe or login. On the growth and continuing importance of cross-cultural psychology, The neglected 95% revisited: Is American psychology becoming less American, Why should we all be cultural psychologists? Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology provides state-of-the-art knowledge about the methodological problems that need to be addressed if a researcher is to conduct valid and reliable cross-cultural research. Verywell Mind content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. (b) Acceptance of psychotherapy in a specific country and its unmet needs . To further understand this, we will look at a cross-cultural research example. For instance, tools may not be readily available in other countries, or there may be language barriers. extraverts may not have the same advantage elsewhere. Finally, we will cover the cross-cultural research strengths and weaknesses. Cross-Cultural Research (CCR) publishes peer-reviewed articles that describe cross-cultural and comparative studies in all human sciences. Psychological method validation cross-cultural research. One scientist behind the WEIRD concept theorizes that societal changes in the West caused by the Catholic Church, and their subsequent cultural impact, help explain these signature differences. Cross-cultural psychology is also emerging as an increasingly important topic as researchers strive to understand both the differences and similarities among people of various cultures throughout the world. The problems with cross-cultural research are that researchers need to ensure that a representative sample of the population is recruited and the time and expense usually involved. About us. In another approach, indigenous psychology, research methods, concepts, and theories are developed within the context of the culture being studied. Eye on Psi Chi. Commonly referred to as ethnopsychology. The results will emphasise analyses of cross-cultural differences; however, intra-cultural (differences within cultures may also be investigated. societies have different goals, attitudes, and beliefs about appropriate behaviour, which needs to be reflected in psychology research! Smith and Bond (1988) highlighted issues using similar methodologies across cultures. Cross-cultural psychology is an important topic. Cross-cultural/national research is essential for both scholars and practitioners. Cross-Cultural Research, formerly Behavior Science Research, is sponsored by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) and is the official journal of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research.The mission of the journal is to publish peer-reviewed articles describing cross-cultural or comparative studies in all the social/behavioral sciences and other sciences dealing with humans, including . While cultural psychology seeks to find out how culture causes variation in psychology, cross cultural seeks to justify or explain 'objective description and subjective evaluations of cultures. It is characterised by a focus on individual rights and own happiness. Usually the primary focus of cross-cultural psychology is on differences in behavior across cultures. Although originally using an emic approach, it has increasingly used the comparative method (the etic approach) in order to discern any pan-human psychological phenomena. Cross-cultural psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. The six-volume Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, published by Allyn and Bacon in 1980 under the general editorship of Harry C. Triandis, is still an authoritative source of information and research review. Introduction. Cross-cultural psychology plays an important role in the understanding of behavior throughout the cultures of the world. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. 2016;11(5):583-596. doi:10.1177/1745691616645552, Cheung FM, van de Vijver FJ, Leong FT. Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. In the field of social psychology, applying a cross-cultural view might lead researchers to study howsocial cognitionmight vary in an individualist culture versus a collectivist culture. The psychological findings that get the most, Increasing the representation of people from diverse cultures. 1. Researchers seek to understand their own people in their own cultural terms rather than through the concepts and methods of a Western psychology. Psychologists who are interested in expanding psychologys focus on diverse cultures have pointed out that the majority of research participants are, to use a popular term, WEIRD: they are from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies. Cross-cultural psychologists often look at how ethnocentrism influences our behaviors and thoughts, including how we interact with individuals from other cultures. What type of cross-cultural research did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) carry out? Int J Wellbeing. Increased understanding of cultural idiosyncrasies could lead to gains in mental health treatment. While various definitions are used, culture can be understood as the collection of ideas and typical ways of doing things that are shared by members of a society and have been passed down through generations. In essence, this research is searching for _________. Culture manifests itself in our language, art, daily routines, religion and sense of morality, among other forms, and is passed down from generation to generation. But individualism-collectivism is thought of as a continuum, with particular countries, and cultures within those countries, showing a balance of each. Features of certain cultural groups, such as highly stable social networks, may also serve as protective factors against the risk of mental illness. Another problem with cross-cultural research is that it can be a complex process. What type of study is this? how happiness and other emotions are conceived. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The study of cross-cultural psychology and the inclusion of more representative and diverse samples in psychology research is essential for understanding the universality of different psychological phenomena. In some minority populations in Papua New Guinea, Turkey and the Dominican Republic, it has been found that some children identified as female at birth. To read other articles like this please click here. The Value of Pets in Ukraine During the Russian Invasion, The Harms of Cancer Screening They Don't Warn You About, How to Save a Life: We Need to Talk About It, People in More Religious States Cheat Less at Wordle, Why Children Raised in Harsh Conditions Grow Up Quickly. 2000;4(3):22-26. doi:10.24839/1092-0803.Eye4.3.22. Cross-cultural psychologists often study development, personality, and social relationships. Sample Size Planning for Statistical Power and Accurate Es School Psychology, Counseling Services in, Signal Detection Theory and its Applications, Social Touch and Massage Therapy Research, Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE): Icon and Controversy. While some mating preferences, such as a desire for kindness and physical attractiveness in a partner, appear in many if not all cultures, preferences also differ in some ways across cultureslike the importance placed on humor or other traits. how people believe happiness should be defined and achieved. Read our, 20 Psychologist Specialties and Job Descriptions, Theories and Terminology of Personality Psychology, 10 Psychology Courses You Can Take Online, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox. A new journal, The . Suppose a study is investigating differences in educational achievement in the UK. It can help reduce existing bias, especially in the current research. Cross-cultural psychology is the study of similarities and differences in behavior among individuals who have developed in different cultures. Cross-cultural research in these examples would refer to behavior and beliefs characterized by age, sexuality, and lifestyle. The organization would like their core values to Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. To develop a broader, richer understanding of people that can be applied to a wider variety of cultural settings, it is essential for researchers to also look at people from diverse cultures. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. In numerical terms, it seems, not much. A Personal Perspective: What do you do when the world is your patient? In psychology, culture refers to a set of ideas and beliefs which give people sense of shared history and can guide our behavior within society. American Psychologist. Adoption, Social, Psychological, and Evolutionary Perspect Assessment and Clinical Applications of Individual Differe Attachment in Social and Emotional Development across the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults. It also offers practical advice and examples of solutions to those problems and is a must-read for any student of culture. Do people from each culture rely on the same types of social cues? The appearance of depression may depend partly on culturewith mood-related symptoms emphasized in how Americans think of depression, for example, and bodily symptoms potentially more prominent in China. While there are shared aspects of emotional experience across cultural groups, culture seems to influence how people describe, evaluate, and act on emotions. you are a consultant for an organization, and they would like you to work on developing their core values. If you feel like you're drowning, you're not alone. Difficult to establish the reliability and validity of the previous studies. Cross-cultural research adds a number of complexities to the research process that require additional informed judgment calls at all research stages. This chapter discusses issues related to the cross-cultural study of intelligence and cognitive processes. Research by Mandy, Charman, Puura and Skuse (2014) applied the DSM-5 (the manual used for mental illness) to see if it considers the difference between British and Finnish people. On the growth and continuing importance of cross-cultural psychology. The cross-cultural methodology that researchers may take is: Cross-cultural research is a systematic study that investigates cultural differences in behaviour and phenomenon. In some minority populations in Papua New Guinea, Turkey and the Dominican Republic, it has been found that some children identified as female at birth but at the age of 12 (after puberty) started to develop male genitalia. Many cross-cultural psychologists choose to focus on one of two approaches: It is also common for cross-cultural psychologists to take a combined emic-etic approach.7, Meanwhile, some cross-cultural psychologists also study something known as ethnocentrism. The study collected data from several published research from different countries. Different societies have different goals, attitudes, and beliefs about appropriate behaviour, which needs to be reflected in psychology research! Best study tips and tricks for your exams. International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Hist Psychol. A cross-cultural comparison study compares the findings of two or more countries. This broad definition includes both contemporary cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology. Many other branches of psychology focus on how parents, friends, and other people impact human behavior. Cross-cultural research is typically carried out in psychology to identify if a finding based on testing in one culture applies to another. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press . Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Used the classification system that Ainsworth described in her strange situation study: Insecure avoidant (type A), Secure (type B) and insecure ambivalent (type C). Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology provides state-of-the-art knowledge about the methodological problems that need to be addressed if a researcher is to conduct valid and reliable cross-cultural research. This approach is portrayed in the Oxford Bibliographies article Intercultural Psychology. similarities and differences) between the two cultures (i.e. Does cross-cultural research only use primary data? Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology - October 2010. . Tightness and looseness are contrasting cultural patterns related to how closely people adhere to social rules. It also offers practical advice and examples of solutions to those problems and is a must-read for any student of culture. Why should research take into consideration the differences between collectivist and individualistic cultures? The researchers used 32 studies from eight countries (individualistic and collectivist countries). In the West, the Big Five model of personality traits and related modelswere developed to broadly map out personality differences, and they have been tested successfully in multiple countries. Third, indigenous psychology examines the close ties between deep-rooted aspects of cultures (particularly historical, philosophical, and religious beliefs) and behavior. Many of these volumes incorporate some features of the cultural psychology and indigenous psychology perspectives. Despite cross-cultural differences in how children are raised, the secure attachment style remains the most common, suggesting that some universal principles may affect the type of attachment style that is developed. Heres what we reveal when we speak, whether we mean to or not. Will you pass the quiz? Cross-cultural research is a systematic study investigating cultural differences in behaviour and phenomenon. A goal of cross-cultural psychology is to understand the relationships between human behavior and the cultural contexts in which it has developed and is displayed. You should also verify that the research article states its research question, research methods, research participants, research procedures, and intervention processes. This is important because it allows researchers to identify if results are generalisable and if they can be applied to understand the population rather than a sub-group of the population. What is the issue with using secondary data in cross-cultural research? 2012;2(4):299-312. doi:10.5502/ijw.v2.i4.2, Lonner WJ. The International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established in 1972, and this branch of psychology has continued to grow and develop since that time. Usually, this research method is used when we're trying to investigate if one culture will have significantly different (lower or higher) scores compared to another. Many of the findings described by psychologists are focused on a specific group of people, which some researchers have dubbed Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic, often referred to by the acronym WEIRD. If this is not the case, then the strategies used may need to be revised. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology evaluates elements of psychological diversity in different cultures. How psychology can improve conversations around the pursuit of a more just world. We often assume that, psychologically speaking, all cultures are the same. Cross-cultural psychology is a scientific field of study dealing with cognitive processes together with human deportment. Around the world, who spends time on their physical appearance and why? Recognizing how different factors appear in various cultures can help researchers better understand the underlying influences and causes. Increasing the representation of people from diverse cultures in research is therefore a goal of many psychologists. The study of cross-cultural psychology and the inclusion of more representative and diverse samples in psychology research is essential for understanding the universality of different psychological phenomena. What are the steps taken when carrying out cross-cultural research? A program addresses the mental health needs of women in Uganda and Zambia. What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? on September 28, 2022 in Psychiatry Without Boundaries. Cross-cultural psychologists often look at how ethnocentrism influences our behaviors and thoughts, including how we interact with individuals from other cultures.. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. An issue with a lot of early research is its generalisability. The research highlights the importance of cross-cultural research as it shows that well-established measures may not apply to the entire population. It needs to use people from different cultures to be considered generalisable equally. Cross-cultural psychology is abranch of psychologythat looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg used a cross-cultural methodology because: What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) find about cultural differences in terms of secure attachment styles? Although it is true that the basic principles of social psychological methodology and data analysis are applicable to cross-cultural research, there are a . Cross-Cultural Psychology in West Is West Culture affects the psychology of an individual because it prescribes certain norms and values that affect the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors of an individual. While the problems with global underrepresentation in psychology research have gained more attention in recent years, an updated analysis of top journals in the mid-2010s found that the vast majority of samples were still from Western, industrialized countries, with about 60 percent from the U.S. Still another perspective refers the distinction between cultural 3 van de Vijver: Types of Comparative Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology The results of the cross-cultural research showed that: Based on the findings, the researchers could identify that differences in how children are raised can affect the type of attachment style that is developed. Psychological research that incorporates a more global sample of people provides insights into whether findings and models (such as those about the structure of personality or the nature of mental illness) are universal or not, the extent to which psychological phenomena and characteristics vary across cultures, and the potential reasons for these differences. Other cultures may place a higher value oncollectivismand cooperation among members of the group. It seeks to extend and develop psychology by expanding research methodologies to recognise cultural variation in behaviour, language, and meaning. It also discusses the impact it has had on the understanding of human psychology. In addition, to how the infant behaves when a stranger is present. Why may indigenous cultural studies be carried out? Some scientists call this relatively well-examined subgroup of human societies WEIRD: that is, Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. Cross-cultural psychologists have pointed to East Asia, Latin America, and Africa as regions where collectivism is relatively prominent and much of Europe, the U.S., and Canada as among those where individualism is more pronounced. In the field of social psychology, applying a cross-cultural view might lead researchers to study how social cognition might vary in an individualist culture versus a collectivist culture. You may find it useful to use the following tips when searching for a research article to use in this assignment: Although the methodological issues specific to this research have long been acknowledged in the literature, recent studies confirm that the standards demanded by earlier studies have not been met. Scientists using a cross-cultural approach focus on and compare participants from diverse cultural groups to examine ways in which cognitive styles, perception, emotional expression, The inhabitants of different regions and countries, : They build close social relationships, follow rules established by their communities, and engage in important rituals. The search for relationships between cultural context and human behavior is carried out within three general frames of reference.
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