For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Political psychologist Karen Stenner explains how liberal democracy can tackle the challenge of authoritarianism. The U.S. has a rough track record with how it treats new parents, but there are reasons to believe that this could soon be a thing of the past. Nor does their preference for individual autonomy and diversity render them impervious to the anxiety we all feel when confronted with those who seem to be very different from us. Therefore, such factors mostly refer to the individual's psychological state. While all people have a desire to perceive their world clearly in the face of confusion and inconsistency, the way in which order is achieved has implications for social and political relations. (2005) measures the authoritarian predisposition using items about childrearing preferences, a simple indicator of one's orientation toward authority and confor- mity that has validity across a wide range of social contexts (Martin 1964; Kohn and Schooler 1983). Helen Lewis interviews people offering solutions for our times. The article Authoritarianism, socioethnic diversity and political participation across countries (European Journal of Political Research, 54: 563581), authored by Shane P. Singh and Kris Dunn, is available here. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. (Photo: Mikhail Klimentyev/AFP/Getty Images). Status quo conservatism is a tendency to prefer stability and preservation of the status quo over change. . For example, when asked what qualities should be encouraged in children, authoritarians tend to prioritize obedience, good manners, and being well behaved over things like independence, curiosity, and thinking for oneself. Whatever the cause(s) of these chaotic times may be (I . The Authoritarian Predisposition and American Public Support for Social Security D. Macdonald Psychology Political Research Quarterly 2021 Authoritarianism, an individual-level predisposition that favors security, conformity, and certainty, has been powerfully linked with cultural conservatism and support for "strongman" politicians but On the other hand, non-authoritarians are less prone to feeling threatened and are therefore normally much less anxious. Stenner argues that the authoritarian predisposition is triggered when the settled order becomes unsettled and an instinctive panic sets in. Research on the basis of political ideology indicates that psychological variables influence ideological positions. In an article we published in the European Journal of Political Research, we look at how such diversity shapes political participation. First, heterogeneous communities have lower levels of intergroup social interaction which decreases social capital. Even though one approach resides at the macro level of analysis and the other at the micro level, we think it is reasonable to say that macro and micro authoritarianism are linked. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Authoritarianism is a deep-seated, relatively enduring psychological predisposition to preferindeed, to demandobedience and conformity, or what I call "oneness and sameness," over freedom and diversity. Authoritarians also tend to participate in politics at a relatively low rate. Authoritarianism is linked to a lack of openness to experience, one of the five pillars of the Big Five model of personality. Much of my current research focuses on the development and the consequences, at both the individual and societal-level, of the authoritarian predisposition. Such framing arises out of an authoritarian predisposition interacting with a normative threat, as in disposition&threat leading to authoritarian framing and positioning. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Then there is the "authoritarian predisposition," the author argues, referencing the work of Australian psychologist Karen Stenner. What it . Given the more intolerant and punitive policy preferences of authoritarians, this closing gap in participation levels may have a considerable impact on election results and, in turn, the policy preferences of elected representatives. Manifesto for a Humane True Libertarianism, The Political Economy of Liberal Democracy, Democracy and Capitalism: the Issue Joined from Within, Rethinking Liberal Democracy: Prelude to Totalitarianism, Journal of Liberty and International Affairs 1, No, Edmund Burke's Narrow Line Between Toleration and Slavery. This enables a slow march towards a system which is less democracy and . What is much more common now is the use of computers and anonymous accounts being able to reach whomever they choose given their skill set allows them to do so. Is COVID-19 a Threat to Liberal Democracy? But my research goes much further than that, being a general account of the conditions under which a large proportion (around a third) of humanity, who harbor (relatively immutable) predispositions to favor 'oneness and sameness' over freedom and diversity, come to find their societies and polities intolerable, and push back with a vengeance. Socio-ethnic diversity is measured using a popular scale from Alesina and coauthors. Even the United Kingdoms decision to leave the E.U., a political, social, and economic change of immense proportions, is being partially attributed to negative views of immigration. Our findings suggest that the success of radical-right parties is not a result of increased authoritarian participation, but instead a result of the decline in the participation on non-authoritarians. Opposition to European integration derives from the same underlying authoritarian predisposition that generates hostility towards immigrants and foreign religions. Thus, with the surge of immigration into European countries mentioned at the outset, it seems reasonable to assume that radical-right parties improved election returns stem from an authoritarian backlash against rising socio-ethnic diversity. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. We measure authoritarianism using a question that asks people what values they think should be taught to children. Political psychologist and behavioural economist Karen Stenner, author of The Authoritarian Dynamic, explains how research shows a third of humanity is predisposed to authoritarianism. The Three Principles of Classical Liberalism (From, Alexis De Tocqueville: the Psychologist of Equality, Alexis De Tocqueville's Political Science Of, Liberal Democratic Capitalism: the Case of the United States, American Character a History of the Epic Struggle Between Individual Liberty and the Common Good, The Essential Formula for a Liberal and Democratic State, Hobbesian Liberalism: a Study of Proto- Liberal Ideas in Leviathan, Jefferson and Tocqueville on Democracy As Hemisperic Views, The Social Requisites of Liberal Democracy, and Alexis De TocquevilleS Analysis of Islam Jonathan W, Liberal Democracy in Crisis: Redefining Politics and Resistance Through Power. Your analysis of the 2016 EuroPulse survey, which was conducted in all 28 European Union countries plus the United States, concluded that 33 percent of white respondents were predisposed to authoritarianism, while 37 percent were non-authoritarian and 29 percent were neutral. To begin, how do you define authoritarianism? Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Personal financial insecurity seems to be pretty irrelevant. We create a measure of political participation that includes signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending peaceful demonstrations, and membership in a political party. In her email, Stenner argued that "non-authoritarian . In Australia, parliament recently approved a bill to allow some asylum seekers into the country on medical grounds reigniting debates over immigration and asylum . Identical twin studies, the gold standard for separating out the impact of nature versus nurture, show that an authoritarian predisposition is around 50% heritable. His website is here. Four forced-choice items asked respondents to indicate which of two qualities should be emphasized in children: an "authoritarian" one or a "non-authoritarian" one (Stenner 2005). Copyright 2022 American Association for Public Opinion Research. The authoritarian predisposition consistently wins this showdown, leading Stenner to conclude that "authoritarianism is the primary . Ideological differences, in Stenner's view, are merely reflections of varying cognitive styles. This paper examines how the political implications of one such variable - the authoritarian predisposition - may be conditioned by citizens political expertise. The Authoritarian Predisposition and Liberal Beliefs About Democracy. The current study integrated prior research demonstrating 1) a mediational process by which the Five-Factor Model personality factor Openness to Experience, transmitted through right-wing authoritarian ideology, predicts sexual prejudice and 2) that the Five-Factor Model personality facet Openness to Values may be the more precise personality root of this process. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2011. In June of 2016, Harvard philosophy professor Peter E. Gordon published a piece in Boundary 2 called "The Authoritarian Personality, Revisited." Gordon begins the piece by noticing an article in Politico from January 2016 by Matthew MacWilliams, in which the author points out . What encourages this trait in him is the display of an authoritarian predisposition . People are attracted to authoritarian ideas because they're bothered by complexity, prefer unity, and diversity makes them angry. But the voices of certain communities are often left behind. This interview has been edited for length and clarity. In particular, the role of authoritarianism is of long-standing interest to political scholars. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Someone with a high openness to experience novelty also . If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. A new report concludes that the Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to states by $215 billion by 2026. - Early childhood influences (re: psychosexual stages) - especially the parents. Analyses indicate that the radical right-wing populist parties studied here are consistently preferred by exclusive-nationalist individuals, though not necessarily to all other parties, but only inconsistently preferred by authoritarian individuals. On this week's episode of Stay Tuned, "The Authoritarian Impulse," Preet answers listener questions about the Manhattan DA's investigation into Donald Trump's taxes, the long-standing OLC policy that a sitting president cannot be prosecuted, and the status of certain 1970's fashion trends. "Authoritarianism appeals, simply, to people who cannot tolerate complexity . Stenner argues that the authoritarian predisposition is triggered when the settled order becomes unsettled and an instinctive panic sets in. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Laissez faire conservatism is generally associated with a tendency to disavow government intervention in all affairs of the individual, whether economic or political, social or moral. Don't already have a personal account? The Invisible Fist: Have Capitalism and Democracy Reached a Parting of the Ways? Lower social capital, in turn, decreases peoples willingness to participate in wider social and political activity. That is to say, intolerance is a function of the interaction of authoritarian predisposition with conditions of normative threat. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. He spent a year as a visiting assistant professor at Carleton College prior to joining the faculty at San Jos State University. Building on recent research, I further hypothesize that differences across authoritarianism in support for political institutions will . The ideas and policies of radical-right parties, which include nativism, stricter immigration policies, nationalism, and belief in a strictly ordered society, are attractive to authoritarians. Anxiety also decreases peoples willingness to engage in social and political activity. In line with this, examination of the 2000 and 2004 American National Election Studies revealed that the relation between the authoritarian predisposition and conservatism was stronger among experts; that relations between the authoritarian predisposition and two components of conservatismopposition to equality and support for traditionalismwere also stronger among experts; and that the tendency for the authoritarian predisposition to be more strongly related to traditionalism than opposition to equality was stronger among experts as well. . For more systematic answers she consults the work of the behavioural economist Karen Stenner, who found that a third of any population have an "authoritarian predisposition": they hate complexity and are suspicious of people with different ideas. Eugene Borgida is a professor of psychology and law at the University of Minnesota and a Morse-Alumni Distinguished Professor of Psychology. Can It Happen Here? When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Known for her historically grounded commentary and such well-received histories as the Pulitzer Prize-winning Gulag (2003), Atlantic staff writer Applebaum, a reflective, deep-thinking conservative, explores the "restorative nostalgia" and "authoritarian predisposition" of the far right in the U.S. and Europe. Research on the basis of political ideology indicates that psychological variables influence ideological positions. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. He is currently Chair of the Psychology Department. The masses, she . The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. She tells Helen what happens when this predisposition is activated by feelings of threat - and what liberal democracy can do to respond to the challenges this raises. Those fears (can) relate to the financial standing of one's own household, or the perceived economic decline of the nation/identity group. Whatever the cause(s) of these chaotic times may be (I have my theories), I think the chaos has triggered vast numbers of people on the left and the right to embrace illiberalism. You write that evidence "that populism is mostly fueled by economic distress is weak and inconsistent." A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. C. I would open up the borders, and let people migrate to wherever they please. Please explain the trigger process as you understand it. Our guide on this celestial journey is Karen Stenner, a behavioral economist whose term "authoritarian predisposition" does a lot of interpretive work for Applebaum. Immigration is continuing to drive political agendas around the world. 2022 University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT. These findings are discussed in light of the current litera, : Authoritarian Predisposition; Liberal Democracy; Democracy Beliefs; Democracy, The Restless Liberalism of Alexis De Tocqueville, The Many Sides of John Stuart M I L L ' S Political and Ethical Thought Howard Brian Cohen a Thesis Submitted I N Conformity, The Crisis of Representation: the Limits of Liberal Democracy in the Global Era Alessandro Bonanno Department of Sociology, Sam Houston State University, P.O. We therefore expect that higher levels of socio-ethnic diversity should increase perceived threat among non-authoritarians and thereby lower their levels of political participation. He currently serves as Director of the University of Minnesota's Center for the Study of Political Psychology and as a Vice President of the International Society of Political Psychology. Personality involves several factors: - Instinctual drives - food, sex, aggression. I am part of your tribe. Opportunity brings their latent authoritarian predisposition to the surface. Instead of imposing silence, you can produce harmony. "One of the things you do [for people feeling left out of the democratic process] is you present them with displays of unity," Applebaum said. California desert town takes back the night, wins rare "Dark Sky" award. My strong sense from the best available evidence is that fears around racial identity/race relations/immigration, moral permissiveness/moral decay, political conflict/dissent, etc., are sometimes displaced onto, or expressed as, economic fears. But force is not the only possible response to cacophony. Stenner's definition of authoritarianism isn't political, and it isn't the same thing as conservatism. They can reflect actual changes in political/social conditions, and/or be a product of media coverage/political manipulation. We measured participants' levels of authoritarian predisposition and endorsement of humanitarian values. To test all this, we gather data on peoples political participation, their authoritarian predisposition, and on socio-ethnic diversity from over 50 countries from around the world. A large part of the problem is that America actually has too much democracy for the tastes of a third of its population. Europe continues to struggle with the political and social fallout from the recent inflow of hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Middle East and Northern Africa. determinant of general intolerance of difference, both in the contemporary United States and across cultures and time" (p. 198). "The things that multiculturalists believe will help people appreciate and thrive in democracyappreciating difference, talking about difference, displaying and applauding differenceare the very conditions that encourage authoritarians not to heights of tolerance, but to their intolerant extremes," they write. An earlier body of literature indicates that diversity decreases participation for two reasons. Rethinking Liberal Political Thought: John Locke, Religious Forms of Reasoning, and Institutional Participation in Democratic Discourse Matthew R, Thomas Biebricher: Democracy, Neoliberalism and James Buchanan, Democracy and Truth: a Contingent Defense of Epistemic Democracy, Neoliberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy, Neo-Liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. -Kris Dunn, School of Politics and International Studies, University, insignificant. Can It Happen Here?, anew collection of essays that ask whether America is susceptible to creeping authoritarianism, includes a startling assertion by psychologists Karen Stenner and Jonathan Haidt. Latent authoritarianism is surprisingly commonand a threat to liberal democracy. Arendt, however, had little time for the Frankfurt School or its theory of authoritarianism. Consider there are three separate branches of government purposely set in permanent opposition to one another. When economic threats do prove significant in an analysis, they almost always involve perceptions of national economic decline rather than household financial distress. His website is here. Working across the aisle, less demonization and greater civility in public discourse would be a really big help, as would voluntary commitment to more restrained and temperate coverage, in both traditional and social media, of all of the above. Christopher M. Federico is Professor of Political Science and Psychology and Beverly and Richard Fink Professor in Liberal Arts at the University of Minnesota. The U.S., of course, also has many levels of government, with voters passing judgment on all, from the president right down to the school board and dog catcher. An authoritarian wants things orderly, calm, controlled, and viewed through a non-complex lens; any kind of threat that stirs that situation also stirs the predisposition to . In particular, we argue that an individuals authoritarian predisposition, their preference for group authority and uniformity over individual autonomy and diversity, will influence how they respond to diversity. Angry Politics: Partisan Hatred and Political Polarization among College Students, Ken Kollman and John E. Jackson. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Previous research finds that when non-authoritarians do feel threatened, they tend to respond very similarly to authoritarians. This constant state of anxiety is why authoritarians are less likely to participate to begin with. Register, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. This article looks at how political expertise conditions the ideological implications of the authoritarian predisposition. The International Astronomical Union has established a committee to finalize a list of official star names. All rights reserved. To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. Some companies offer unofficial naming rights for purchase. popular scale from Alesina and coauthors. Authoritarianism is a deep-seated, relatively enduring psychological predisposition to preferindeed, to demandobedience and conformity, or what I call "oneness and sameness," over freedom and diversity. Such normative threats trigger a response among those predisposed to authoritarianism to . Stenner believes that one-third of any population has an inherent "authoritarian predisposition" (30), and it is this tendency that supports a strong leader who comes down on diverse views, prescribes the one way forward and provides a sense of closure for anxieties. The authoritarian predisposition is primarily concerned with the individual's relationship to the group, the appropriate norms for behavior, and the necessary role of authority for enforcing adherence to shared norms of behavior (Duckitt 1989; Feldman 2003; Stenner 2005). This is much more dangerous in the long run. 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